Pottery Shapes

Cypriot Bichrome IV trefoil jug (oinochoe) with a chequer panel, Cypro-Archaic I, c. 750–600 BC, Drakopoulos Collection

Ware tells you how a pot was made and finished; shape tells you what kind of vessel it is. This section groups Cypriot pottery into sixteen shape families, from bowls and jugs to strainers and composite vessels, whatever their ware or date.

Every Cypriot pot can be described twice. Its ware records clay, surface and decoration: Red Polished, White Slip, Bichrome. Its shape records the kind of vessel: a bowl, a jug, a jar. The two are independent. A White Slip bowl and a Base Ring bowl can share a profile, and one ware can be made in dozens of shapes. Robert Merrillees noted that Cypriot ware names mostly describe the surface, and that classification becomes difficult where shape was the potter's main concern, as early in Late Cypriot I, when potters experimented with a range of containers of much the same form in different wares [1, p. 238]. The Swedish Cyprus Expedition put ware first, and Stager and Saltz later criticised its concern with surface "at the expense of form" [2, pp. xxix-xxx]. J. R. Stewart went the other way for Early Bronze Age Red Polished, arranging his corpus under shapes and dates because each numbered class contained several fabrics [1, p. 239]. The shape entries in this section follow the same logic and cut across wares and periods.

Names and techniques

Where the names come from

Most shape names used for Cypriot pottery are either plain English (bowl, jug, jar, flask) or borrowed from the study of Greek vases (oinochoe, amphora, krater, kylix, skyphos, askos) and applied to Cypriot vessels by convention. They do not record what Cypriots called their pots. Even for Greek pottery, John Boardman warned that the conventional names are "often in fact wrong" but remain the terms every book uses [3, p. 12]. Merrillees made the same point about Cypriot pottery in general: since we do not know how the ancient potters referred to their products, by shape, fabric or finish, modern names are conveniences and matter for what they connote more than what they literally say [1, p. 238].

Catalogues mix the two vocabularies freely. Vassos Karageorghis's catalogue of the Cesnola Collection in the Metropolitan Museum calls the Cypro-Archaic trefoil-mouthed vessels "jugs" but uses "amphora", "kylix" and "askos" for other shapes [4, pp. 28, 91-93]. Some names describe a feature rather than a function. The White Slip "milk bowl" is a medium-sized hemispherical bowl with a round base and a wishbone handle, and "milk bowl" is simply what the shape is usually called [4, p. 36]. A Late Cypriot I bowl with wishbone handle in the Met (74.51.1162) and the White Slip milk bowl in the Drakopoulos collection show the type. For the ware-by-ware story of Cypriot vessel forms see the article on Cypriot bowls and the one on the Cypriot oinochoe.

Handmade and wheel-made shapes

Composite vase of seven small bowls joined to one handle, all made from one piece of clay, Early or Middle Bronze Age, Metropolitan Museum of Art 74.51.1304 View in the catalogue

Cypriot shapes changed most with the potter's wheel. Early and Middle Bronze Age pottery was handmade, since the wheel was only introduced at the start of the Late Bronze Age, and Early Cypriot potters built vessels in the form of animals and people and joined several vessels into one [4, p. 27]. A Red Polished vase in the Met of seven small bowls sharing one handle, and bird-shaped and zoomorphic askoi of the same ware, belong to this handmade repertoire [4, p. 28]. Red Polished jugs, mostly with a cutaway neck and a flat base, have affinities with Anatolian shapes [4, p. 27]. In the Iron Age most fine pottery was wheel-made, and Karageorghis argued that Cypro-Archaic potters showed their skill less in the variety of shapes, "for the wheel did not allow the freedom of handmade pottery", than in painted decoration [4, p. 78]. Shape still carries information across the Bronze to Iron Age transition: Proto-White Painted was recognised from the start by its Late Mycenaean shapes, and the White Painted ware of Cypro-Geometric I at first shared many of them [5, pp. 199, 204].

The shape families

The sixteen entries below cover the vessels found most often in Cypriot tombs and settlements.

Bowls, cups and dishes

Bowls are the commonest open shape, from Red Polished and White Slip bowls to Iron Age drinking cups such as the Bichrome IV kylix, a footed bowl common in Cypro-Archaic I [4, p. 91]; the Drakopoulos Bichrome skyphos with stags in metopes is a deep two-handled drinking cup of the same period. Dishes and plates are flatter, and the outsides of Black-on-Red dishes normally carry concentric bands [4, p. 93]; compare the Drakopoulos two-handled White Painted plate, whose main decoration is on the underside. Cups, small open vessels with one or two handles for drinking, run from Bronze Age handled cups to Iron Age skyphoi and kantharoi. Kraters, large open vessels for mixing and serving drink, were imported from the Aegean and made locally from the Late Bronze Age onwards. The deep, conical, black-topped Red Polished tulip bowls of Early Cypriot I–II are known mostly from the tombs of Vounous.

Jugs, juglets and jars

Jugs, the oinochoai of the catalogues, are the commonest closed shape. The jug with a trefoil rim was the favourite vessel for free-field painting in Cypro-Archaic I and II [4, p. 93]; compare the Met's Cypro-Archaic I jug with birds and fish, 74.51.527; the Drakopoulos Large Bichrome Oinochoe is another example. Juglets, small one-handled jugs with a narrow neck, were made in most wares and widely exported as containers for perfumed oil. Jars and amphorae are the large two-handled storage and display vessels. Karageorghis notes that large amphorae decorated in Bichrome IV were common in eastern Cyprus [4, p. 91]; the Drakopoulos Large Bichrome Amphora stands 42 cm high.

Bottles, flasks, strainers and lamps

Barrel jug with strainer, painted with a bird in flight between two lotus flowers, Cypro-Archaic I, c. 750–600 BC, Metropolitan Museum of Art 74.51.517 View in the catalogue

Bottles and flasks are narrow-necked containers. The Drakopoulos incised Red Polished bottle belongs to the Early Bronze Age; the lentoid flask, flattened on one side, belongs to the Iron Age, and one early example in the Met turned out to be a Levantine import [4, p. 78]. Dippers and ladles are small vessels for drawing liquid, such as the Middle Bronze Age dipper with a high loop handle in the Drakopoulos collection. Strainers include jugs with a perforated spout, which Karageorghis suggests may have been used for herb-flavoured liquids [4, p. 92]. A Cypro-Archaic I barrel jug with strainer in the Met, painted with a large bird in flight, cannot stand on its own. Lamps, small hand-held vessels that burned oil or fat on a wick, were made as open saucers from the Late Bronze Age and as closed lamps from the Hellenistic period. Basket-shaped vessels have an entry of their own.

Complex vessels

Complex vessels are the pots that fit no single family: ring vases, multiple bowls, askoi and joined vessels such as the Drakopoulos Base Ring double juglet. The Met's small Cypro-Archaic I askos in the form of a bird, 74.51.818 shows how long the animal-shaped vessel lasted in Cyprus. For the decoration painted and incised on all these shapes, see Motifs.

From the collection

and 188 more objects linked from these pages

References

1.Merrillees, R. S. (1991). The principles of Cypriot Bronze Age pottery classification. In J. A. Barlow, D. L. Bolger, & B. Kling (Eds.), Cypriot ceramics: Reading the prehistoric record (University Museum Monograph 74, pp. 237-240). The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania.
2.Stager, L. E., & Saltz, D. L. (1974). The Swedish Cyprus Expedition, 1927-1931. In L. E. Stager, A. Walker, & G. E. Wright (Eds.), American Expedition to Idalion, Cyprus: First preliminary report, seasons of 1971 and 1972 (pp. xxix-xxx). American Schools of Oriental Research.
3.Boardman, J. (2001). The history of Greek vases: Potters, painters and pictures. Thames & Hudson.
4.Karageorghis, V. (2000). Ancient art from Cyprus: The Cesnola Collection in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
5.Iacovou, M. (1991). Proto-White Painted pottery: A classification of the ware. In J. A. Barlow, D. L. Bolger, & B. Kling (Eds.), Cypriot ceramics: Reading the prehistoric record (University Museum Monograph 74, pp. 199-205). The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania.

Pottery Shapes

Names and techniques

Where the names come from

Handmade and wheel-made shapes

The shape families

Bowls, cups and dishes

Jugs, juglets and jars

Bottles, flasks, strainers and lamps

Complex vessels

Shapes

Amphora

Baskets and Basket-Handled Vessels

Bottles

Bowls

Complex Vessels

Cups

Dippers and Ladles

Dishes and Plates

Flasks

Jars and Pithoi

Juglets

Jugs and Juglets

Kraters

Lamps

Strainers

Tulip Bowls and Cult Vessels

From the collection

References